Global Halal Industry Governance and Policy: Regulatory Models, Supply Chain Integrity, and Harmonization Challenges

Abstract

This article examines governance and policy in the global halal industry by analyzing how halal authority, certification, regulation, supply-chain control, and international harmonization shape market credibility and competitiveness. Using qualitative library research and comparative policy analysis, the study reviews academic literature and policy examples from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan. The findings show that halal governance is not limited to the issuance of certificates, but forms an integrated regulatory ecosystem involving religious legitimacy, public administration, inspection, laboratory verification, supply-chain assurance, and digital traceability. National halal systems display state-centered, religious-authority-integrated, and mixed regulatory models. These variations strengthen domestic halal assurance, yet they also create fragmentation, certification duplication, compliance costs, and uncertainty in cross-border recognition. The study recommends harmonized standards, credible mutual recognition, digital certification, blockchain-based traceability, stronger human resources, and greater inclusion of micro, small, and medium enterprises in halal value chains.