Building Tolerance Together: Social Relations between Muslims and Non-Muslim

Authors

  • Nailil Nur Azizah Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia Author

Keywords:

Tolerance, Social Interaction, Building, Muslim, Non-Muslim

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the dynamics of social relations between Muslim and non-Muslim communities in an effort to build mutual tolerance in a multicultural environment. The study focuses on forms of social interaction, factors supporting and inhibiting tolerance, and strategies used by communities to maintain harmony. The research method uses a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis in several interfaith communities..Coexistence between adherents of different religions is a reality that has long been part of the history of the Indonesian nation. The nation's founders have provided concrete examples of the importance of implementing the values ​​of tolerance in national and state life. Nevertheless, in everyday social practice, various problems related to tolerance between religious communities are still frequently encountered. One of these is a misunderstanding of the true meaning of tolerance, which leads to inaccuracies in patterns of interaction and social relations between adherents of different religions. This study aims to examine various social phenomena related to the dynamics of interreligious relations and describe them based on data obtained. encompasses individual, group, institutional, and societal aspects. The research findings indicate that tolerance is fostered through open communication, cooperation in social activities, and an understanding of inclusive religious values. However, challenges such as stereotypes, lack of religious literacy, and the influence of misinformation remain obstacles to strengthening intergroup relations. This research emphasizes the importance of interfaith dialogue, multicultural education, and strengthening the role of religious leaders and social institutions in fostering harmonious relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. These findings are expected to inform the development of community empowerment programs and social policies oriented toward peace and social cohesion.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agovino, M., Cerciello, M., & D’Isanto, F. (2021). Religious participation and attitude towards LGBT+ communities. The case of Italy. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 78, 101071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2021.101071

Anas, M., Saraswati, D., Ikhsan, M. A., & Fiaji, N. A. (2025). Acceptance of “the Others” in religious tolerance: Policies and implementation strategies in the inclusive city of Salatiga Indonesia. Heliyon, 11(2), e41826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41826

Ardi, R., Tobing, D. H., Agustina, G. N., Iswahyudi, A. F., & Budiarti, D. (2021). Religious schema and tolerance towards alienated groups in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(7), e07603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07603

Bennett, J., & Shuker, R. (2018). Hope, harmony and humanity: creating a positive social climate in a democratic therapeutic community prison and the implications for penal practice. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 8(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCP-06-2017-0030

Binnie, J., & Klesse, C. (2025). Food practices, queer social reproduction and the geographies of LGBTQ+ activism. Political Geography, 117, 103273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2025.103273

Breskaya, O. (2025). Religious upbringing in the family and individual autonomy of “Nones”: a comparative study of youth in Italy and Russia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 45(7–8), 725–742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-10-2024-0510

Dimyati, K., Nashir, H., Elviandri, E., Absori, A., Wardiono, K., & Budiono, A. (2021). Indonesia as a legal welfare state: A prophetic-transcendental basis. Heliyon, 7(8), e07865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07865

Ensari, N., Schlaerth, A., & Camden-Anders, S. (2023). Constructive management and resolution of conflict. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health (pp. 466–479). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91497-0.00039-4

Eshtiyagh, J. (2022). The secularizing effect of education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 94, 102658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102658

Gede Agung, D. A., Nasih, A. M., Sumarmi, Idris, & Kurniawan, B. (2024). Local wisdom as a model of interfaith communication in creating religious harmony in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100827

Hadiyanto, A., Putri, K. Y. S., & Fazli, L. (2025). Religious moderation in Instagram: An Islamic interpretation perspective. Heliyon, 11(4), e42816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42816

Hoon, C.-Y. (2017). Putting Religion into Multiculturalism: Conceptualising Religious Multiculturalism in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 41(3), 476–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2017.1334761

Humang, W. P., Utomo, D. P., Putra, H., Arianto, D., Pujiwat, R., Sucipto, Upahita, D. P., Fitriana, N., Salsabilla, M. A., Hendra, Y. N. R., Nurhidayat, A. Y., Putri, M. N., Saputro, M. I. A., Santoso, A., Singgih, I. K., Prayogo, D. N., Hapsari, I., Novawanda, O., Soegiharto, S., & Arlianto, J. A. (2025). Hub-and-spoke network design to optimize government subsidy costs for maritime transportation in Indonesia. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100602

Hutabarat, F. (2023). Navigating Diversity: Exploring Religious Pluralism and Social Harmony in Indonesian Society. European Journal of Theology and Philosophy, 3(6), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.24018/theology.2023.3.6.125

Irfan, B., Attarian, H., Irfan, M., Sankari, A., Kirschner, D., & Khan, M. (2025). Religious and culturally conscious sleep care for Muslim patients: Clinical considerations and recommendations. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 83, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102138

Kristiyanto, H., Arinanto, S., & Ghafur, H. S. (2023). Institutionalization and party resilience in Indonesian electoral democracy. Heliyon, 9(12), e22919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22919

McClymond, M. J. (2022). Religious Traditions, Violence and Nonviolence. In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (pp. 391–400). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00242-9

Meagher, T., Bezboruah, K., Rodriguez, A., Suh, J., & Nwakpuda, E. (2026). College towns and creativity: Exploring potential interactions between educational institutions and local cultural economies. Cities, 169, 106566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.106566

Mohd Khalli, M. N., Sintang, S., & Kamu, A. (2022). The framework of socio-religious harmony in Sabah, East Malaysia: An application of Fuzzy Delphi method. Heliyon, 8(8), e09976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09976

Muthohirin, N. (2025). Revitalizing Islamic studies: a two-decade conversion in Indonesia’s state Islamic universities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102153

Natalis, A. (2026). Condom use in Indonesia: Interplay with societal norms and human rights. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 8, 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2026.100225

Natalis, A., Sembiring, A. F., & Handayani, E. (2025). From rejection to recognition: Human rights, morality, and the future of Marijuana policy in Indonesia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 140, 104817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104817

Praptiningsih, N. A., Mulyono, H., Mil, S., Rohim, S., & Setiawan, B. (2024). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the homophobia scale in religious-based university students in Indonesia. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104474

Rahayu, D. P., Rustamaji, M., Faisal, F., & Sari, R. (2025). Legal effectiveness of business contracts in tin mining: Socio-legal and governance challenges in corporate–community relations in Indonesia. Resources Policy, 111, 105767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105767

Ramazanova, A., Sabitova, A., Orsayeva, R., Bairkenova, G., & Smailova, I. (2022). Financial sector components in a religious context: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 34, 100656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2022.100656

Saehu, R., & Muchtar, I. H. (2023). Religious Pluralism and Harmony among Buddhist - Muslim Communities Living in East Lampung, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.131.17

Sarifah, I., Nurhasanah, N., Hasanah, U., Marini, A., & Muawanah, U. (2025). How can educational policy support the application of the Rasch Model for character E-assessment in elementary schools during Indonesia’s new normal era? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101752

Setinawati, Jeniva, I., Tanyid, M., & Merilyn. (2025). The framework of religious moderation: A socio-theological study on the role of religion and culture from Indonesia’s perspective. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101271

Strauss, C., von Schlippe, A., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2026). Navigating conflict in business families: Conflict markers in digital communication. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 17(1), 100699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2025.100699

Suardi, I., Rossieta, H., Diyanty, V., & Djakman, C. (2025). The acceptance of procurement system in affecting corruption in the Indonesian Government: user perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 14(4), 561–583. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-05-2024-0077

Syafieh, S., & Anzhaikan, M. (2023). Moderate Islam And Its Influence on Religious Diversity in Indonesia. ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v23i2.3262

Toyibah, D., & Riyani, I. (2025). Contesting religious authority in response to government regulations on the prevention and handling of campus sexual violence (CSV) in Indonesia. Women’s Studies International Forum, 110, 103085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2025.103085

Turhan Damar, H., Ordi̇n, Y. S., & Erki̇n, Ö. (2024). Religious attitude and sense of citizenship effect on organ donation in nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education in Practice, 76, 103937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103937

Utami, D. M., Ikhsan, M., Dartanto, T., & Mallarangeng, R. (2024). The role of the 30% threshold for Islamic parties: A fast-growing middle class and religion-based political preferences in Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(4), e25700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25700

Vu, Q. T., Nguyen, P. T., Nguyen, T. H., Huynh, T. T. B., Trinh, V. C., & Gidlund, M. (2024). Striking the perfect balance: Multi-objective optimization for minimizing deployment cost and maximizing coverage with Harmony Search. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 232, 104006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2024.104006

Wijaya Mulya, T., & Schäfer, S. (2023). Who belongs where? Geographies of (inter)religion and urban segregation in Surabaya, Indonesia. Cities, 141, 104476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104476

Wirajaya, I. G. A., Sukadarmika, G., Widhiyani, N. L. S., Ardiana, P. A., Yanthi, K. D. L., Arsani, N. K. B., & Dewi, A. A. K. (2026). Circular economy as governmentality and postcolonial discourse in Indonesian telecom companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 538, 147432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147432

Yang, C., Chen, R., Zhong, S., Liu, W., & Xin, G. (2023). How social solidarity affects the outcomes of rural residential land consolidation: Evidence from Yujiang County, South China. Land Use Policy, 130, 106662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106662

Zaluchu, S. E., Widodo, P., & Kriswanto, A. (2025). Conceptual reconstruction of religious moderation in the Indonesian context based on previous research: Bibliometric analysis. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101552

Zelekha, Y., & Avnimelech, G. (2023). Cultural and personal channels between religion, religiosity, and corruption. Heliyon, 9(6), e16882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16882

Downloads

Published

2025-12-28

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 03 (2025): Al-Manarah; Journal of Education and Islamic Studies

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Manarah; Journal of Education and Islamic Studies

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Building Tolerance Together: Social Relations between Muslims and Non-Muslim (N. N. Azizah , Trans.). (2025). Al-Manarah; Journal of Education and Islamic Studies, 1(03), 239-246. https://journal.pergunulampung.or.id/index.php/almanarah/article/view/126